# Functions

SpecialFunctions.erfFunction
erf(x)

Compute the error function of $x$, defined by

$\operatorname{erf}(x) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}} \int_0^x \exp(-t^2) \; \mathrm{d}t \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{C} \, .$

Implementation by

• Float32/Float64: C standard math library libm.
• BigFloat: C library for multiple-precision floating-point MPFR
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SpecialFunctions.erfcFunction
erfc(x)

Compute the complementary error function of $x$, defined by

$\operatorname{erfc}(x) = 1 - \operatorname{erf}(x) = \frac{2}{\pi} \int_x^\infty \exp(-t^2) \; \mathrm{d}t \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{C} \, .$

This is the accurate version of 1-erf(x) for large $x$.

See also: erf(x).

Implementation by

• Float32/Float64: C standard math library libm.
• BigFloat: C library for multiple-precision floating-point MPFR
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SpecialFunctions.erfcxFunction
erfcx(x)

Compute the scaled complementary error function of $x$, defined by

$\operatorname{erfcx}(x) = e^{x^2} \operatorname{erfc}(x) \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{C} \, .$

This is the accurate version of $e^{x^2} \operatorname{erfc}(x)$ for large $x$. Note also that $\operatorname{erfcx}(-ix)$ computes the Faddeeva function w(x).

See also: erfc(x).

Implementation by

• Float32/Float64: C standard math library libm.
• BigFloat: MPFR has an open TODO item for this function until then, we use DLMF 7.12.1 for the tail.
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SpecialFunctions.logerfcFunction
logerfc(x)

Compute the natural logarithm of the complementary error function of $x$, that is

$\operatorname{logerfc}(x) = \operatorname{ln}(\operatorname{erfc}(x)) \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{R} \, .$

This is the accurate version of $\operatorname{ln}(\operatorname{erfc}(x))$ for large $x$.

See also: erfcx(x).

Implementation

Based on the erfc(x) and erfcx(x) functions. Currently only implemented for Float32, Float64, and BigFloat.

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SpecialFunctions.logerfcxFunction
logerfcx(x)

Compute the natural logarithm of the scaled complementary error function of $x$, that is

$\operatorname{logerfcx}(x) = \operatorname{ln}(\operatorname{erfcx}(x)) \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{R} \, .$

This is the accurate version of $\operatorname{ln}(\operatorname{erfcx}(x))$ for large and negative $x$.

See also: erfcx(x).

Implementation

Based on the erfc(x) and erfcx(x) functions. Currently only implemented for Float32, Float64, and BigFloat.

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SpecialFunctions.erfiFunction
erfi(x)

Compute the imaginary error function of $x$, defined by

$\operatorname{erfi}(x) = -i \operatorname{erf}(ix) \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{C} \, .$

See also: erf(x).

Implementation by

• Float32/Float64: C standard math library libm.
source
SpecialFunctions.dawsonFunction
dawson(x)

Compute the Dawson function (scaled imaginary error function) of $x$, defined by

$\operatorname{dawson}(x) = \frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2} e^{-x^2} \operatorname{erfi}(x) \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{C} \, .$

This is the accurate version of $\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2} e^{-x^2} \operatorname{erfi}(x)$ for large $x$.

See also: erfi(x).

Implementation by

• Float32/Float64: C standard math library libm.
source
SpecialFunctions.erfinvFunction
erfinv(x)

Compute the inverse error function of a real $x$, that is

$\operatorname{erfinv}(x) = \operatorname{erf}^{-1}(x) \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{R} \, .$

See also: erf(x).

Implementation

Using the rational approximants tabulated in:

J. M. Blair, C. A. Edwards, and J. H. Johnson, "Rational Chebyshev approximations for the inverse of the error function", Math. Comp. 30, pp. 827–830 (1976). http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1976-0421040-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2005402

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SpecialFunctions.erfcinvFunction
erfcinv(x)

Compute the inverse error complementary function of a real $x$, that is

$\operatorname{erfcinv}(x) = \operatorname{erfc}^{-1}(x) \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{R} \, .$

See also: erfc(x).

Implementation

Using the rational approximants tabulated in:

J. M. Blair, C. A. Edwards, and J. H. Johnson, "Rational Chebyshev approximations for the inverse of the error function", Math. Comp. 30, pp. 827–830 (1976). http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1976-0421040-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2005402

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SpecialFunctions.sinintFunction
sinint(x)

Compute the sine integral function of $x$, defined by

$\operatorname{Si}(x) := \int_0^x \frac{\sin t}{t} \, \mathrm{d}t \quad \text{for} \quad x \in \mathbb{R} \,.$

See also: cosint(x).

Implementation

Using the rational approximants tabulated in:

A.J. MacLeod, "Rational approximations, software and test methods for sine and cosine integrals", Numer. Algor. 12, pp. 259–272 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02142806, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02142806.

Note: the second zero of $\text{Ci}(x)$ has a typo that is fixed: $r_1 = 3.38418 0422\mathbf{8} 51186 42639 78511 46402$ in the article, but is in fact: $r_1 = 3.38418 0422\mathbf{5} 51186 42639 78511 46402$.

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SpecialFunctions.cosintFunction
cosint(x)

Compute the cosine integral function of $x$, defined by

$\operatorname{Ci}(x) := \gamma + \log x + \int_0^x \frac{\cos (t) - 1}{t} \, \mathrm{d}t \quad \text{for} \quad x > 0 \,,$

where $\gamma$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant.

See also: sinint(x).

Implementation

Using the rational approximants tabulated in:

A.J. MacLeod, "Rational approximations, software and test methods for sine and cosine integrals", Numer. Algor. 12, pp. 259–272 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02142806, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02142806.

Note: the second zero of $\text{Ci}(x)$ has a typo that is fixed: $r_1 = 3.38418 0422\mathbf{8} 51186 42639 78511 46402$ in the article, but is in fact: $r_1 = 3.38418 0422\mathbf{5} 51186 42639 78511 46402$.

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SpecialFunctions.airyaixFunction
airyaix(x)

Scaled Airy function of the first kind $\operatorname{Ai}(x) e^{\frac{2}{3} x \sqrt{x}}$. Throws DomainError for negative Real arguments.

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SpecialFunctions.airyaiprimexFunction
airyaiprimex(x)

Scaled derivative of the Airy function of the first kind $\operatorname{Ai}'(x) e^{\frac{2}{3} x \sqrt{x}}$. Throws DomainError for negative Real arguments.

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SpecialFunctions.besselhxFunction
besselhx(nu, [k=1,] z)

Compute the scaled Hankel function $\exp(∓iz) H_ν^{(k)}(z)$, where $k$ is 1 or 2, $H_ν^{(k)}(z)$ is besselh(nu, k, z), and $∓$ is $-$ for $k=1$ and $+$ for $k=2$. k defaults to 1 if it is omitted.

The reason for this function is that $H_ν^{(k)}(z)$ is asymptotically proportional to $\exp(∓iz)/\sqrt{z}$ for large $|z|$, and so the besselh function is susceptible to overflow or underflow when z has a large imaginary part. The besselhx function cancels this exponential factor (analytically), so it avoids these problems.

See also: besselh

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SpecialFunctions.ellipkFunction
ellipk(m)

Computes Complete Elliptic Integral of 1st kind $K(m)$ for parameter $m$ given by

$\operatorname{ellipk}(m) = K(m) = \int_0^{ \frac{\pi}{2} } \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - m \sin^2 \theta}} \, \mathrm{d}\theta \quad \text{for} \quad m \in \left( -\infty, 1 \right] \, .$

See also: ellipe(m).

Arguments

• m: parameter $m$ is in relation to elliptic modulus $k$ by $k^2=m$ and modular angle $\alpha$ by $k=\sin \alpha$

Implementation

Using piecewise approximation polynomial as given in

'Fast Computation of Complete Elliptic Integrals and Jacobian Elliptic Functions', Fukushima, Toshio. (2014). F09-FastEI. Celest Mech Dyn Astr, DOI 10.1007/s10569-009-9228-z, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8112/c1f56e833476b61fc54d41e194c962fbe647.pdf

For $m<0$, followed by

Fukushima, Toshio. (2014). 'Precise, compact, and fast computation of complete elliptic integrals by piecewise minimax rational function approximation'. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 282. DOI 10.13140/2.1.1946.6245., https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267330394

Also suggested in this paper that we should consider domain only from $(-\infty,1]$.

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SpecialFunctions.ellipeFunction
ellipe(m)

Computes Complete Elliptic Integral of 2nd kind $E(m)$ for parameter $m$ given by

$\operatorname{ellipe}(m) = E(m) = \int_0^{ \frac{\pi}{2} } \sqrt{1 - m \sin^2 \theta} \, \mathrm{d}\theta \quad \text{for} \quad m \in \left( -\infty, 1 \right] \, .$

See also: ellipk(m).

Arguments

• m: parameter $m$ is in relation to elliptic modulus $k$ by $k^2=m$ and modular angle $\alpha$ by $k=\sin \alpha$

Implementation

Using piecewise approximation polynomial as given in

'Fast Computation of Complete Elliptic Integrals and Jacobian Elliptic Functions', Fukushima, Toshio. (2014). F09-FastEI. Celest Mech Dyn Astr, DOI 10.1007/s10569-009-9228-z, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8112/c1f56e833476b61fc54d41e194c962fbe647.pdf

For $m<0$, followed by

Fukushima, Toshio. (2014). 'Precise, compact, and fast computation of complete elliptic integrals by piecewise minimax rational function approximation'. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 282. DOI 10.13140/2.1.1946.6245., https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267330394

Also suggested in this paper that we should consider domain only from $(-\infty,1]$.

source
SpecialFunctions.zetaFunction
zeta(s, z)

Generalized zeta function defined by

$\zeta(s, z)=\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{1}{((k+z)^2)^{s/2}},$

where any term with $k+z=0$ is excluded. For $\Re z > 0$, this definition is equivalent to the Hurwitz zeta function $\sum_{k=0}^\infty (k+z)^{-s}$.

The Riemann zeta function is recovered as $\zeta(s)=\zeta(s,1)$.

External links: Riemann zeta function, Hurwitz zeta function

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zeta(s)

Riemann zeta function

$\zeta(s)=\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^s}\quad\text{for}\quad s\in\mathbb{C}.$

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SpecialFunctions.gammaFunction
gamma(z)

Compute the gamma function for complex $z$, defined by

$\Gamma(z) := \begin{cases} n! & \text{for} \quad z = n+1 \;, n = 0,1,2,\dots \\ \int_0^\infty t^{z-1} {\mathrm e}^{-t} \, {\mathrm d}t & \text{for} \quad \Re(z) > 0 \end{cases}$

and by analytic continuation in the whole complex plane.

See also: loggamma(z).

Implementation by

• Float: C standard math library libm.
• Complex: by exp(loggamma(z)).
• BigFloat: C library for multiple-precision floating-point MPFR
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SpecialFunctions.gamma_incFunction
gamma_inc(a,x,IND)

Returns a tuple $(p, q)$ where $p + q = 1$, and $p=P(a,x)$ is the Incomplete gamma function ratio given by:

$P(a,x)=\frac{1}{\Gamma (a)} \int_{0}^{x} e^{-t}t^{a-1} dt.$

and $q=Q(a,x)$ is the Incomplete gamma function ratio given by:

$Q(x,a)=\frac{1}{\Gamma (a)} \int_{x}^{\infty} e^{-t}t^{a-1} dt.$

IND ∈ [0,1,2] sets accuracy: IND=0 means 14 significant digits accuracy, IND=1 means 6 significant digit, and IND=2 means only 3 digit accuracy.

SpecialFunctions.logabsbinomialFunction
logabsbinomial(n, k)
Accurate natural logarithm of the absolute value of the binomial coefficient binomial(n, k) for large n and k near n/2.
Returns a tuple (log(abs(binomial(n,k))), sign(binomial(n,k))).